This experience fleshed out a controversial idea that suggests intelligence is a force of the universe that exists separately from living organisms. Keith Frankish , Ph.D., is a philosopher whose idea of consciousness and intelligence is on the other end of the spectrum from Youvan’s autonomously intelligent universe. Youvan sees intelligence existing without consciousness “as an elegant algorithm or a perfectly adapted organism.” While Frankish agrees that consciousness and intelligence are intertwined, his view posits that consciousness is not necessarily an illusion. Frankish is open to accepting the idea of a universe that is conscious and intelligent if this can somehow be observed. Though Youvan does believe that science could someday model aspects of consciousness, such as attention, awareness and the process of making decisions, consciousness cannot be reduced to its components.