“If you take an area of space with some objects in it, they will have information entropy associated with this information,” Vopson says. But if the objects cluster together due to gravity, that information entropy is reduced, and so they will have more order, he says. According to Vopson, if the universe was a super-sophisticated simulation, it would require built-in optimization and compression to reduce complexity. Deeper processes, perhaps one like the Second Law of Infodynamics, are what give rise to gravity, Vopson argues. He’s the first to mention that many of his studies’ titles contain question marks, and that he often writes disclaimers in his conclusions that the simulation hypothesis is just that—a hypothesis.