SB 1047 would have required makers of all large AI models, particularly those that cost $100 million or more to train, to test them for specific dangers. Using historical case studies, empirical research, modeling, and simulations, they suggested a new framework that would require more transparency and independent scrutiny of AI models. Currently, leading AI companies typically do their own evaluations or hire second-party contractors to do so. Last March, more than 350 AI industry researchers and others signed an open letter calling for a “safe harbor” for independent AI safety testing, similar to existing protections for third-party cybersecurity testers in other fields. “Even perfectly designed safety policies cannot prevent 100% of substantial, adverse outcomes,” the authors wrote.