It’s been 16 months since a DMA ruling allowed iOS developers like Google and Mozilla to use their own browser engines in the EU, so… where are they? According to the Open Web Advocacy (OWA) — a nonprofit group of software engineers that advocates for the open web — Apple continues to place technical and financial restrictions on WebKit-alternative iOS browser engines that effectively stifle competition. OWA says these barriers include insufficient testing tools for developers outside of the EU, hostile legal terms, and forcing browser developers to create entirely new apps to ship their own engines, causing developers to lose their existing European user base. Mozilla told The Verge last year that it was disappointed by Apple’s restrictions, describing them as “a burden” on independent browser providers. Outside of the EU, Apple is also facing pressure from UK regulators to allow developers to use alternative browser engines in iOS, following an investigation that found both Apple and Google were “holding back” mobile browser innovation.